Showing posts with label Adam Clayton Powell. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Adam Clayton Powell. Show all posts

1.24.2024

ICYMI: Saying Farewell to Dr. Charles V. Hamilton on his Transition to Ancestor/Angel

By Gloria DULAN-Wilson

 

It is with deep sadness that I announce the passing of my Mentor, Idol, Professor, Friend, Dr. Charles V. Hamilton.  He was 94 years old when he made his transition.  I have been in a state of suspended animation, bordered by grief, shock, disbelief, and a deep sense of loss.  All the things metaphycians tell me I'm not supposed to feel.  I'm supposed to come out of my spiritual "he's in a better place." bag, but I just can't.  I am not even going to try to get over this for a long time. 

Doc Hamilton was definitely one of my personal heroes.  I'm sure there are many of my Lincoln University classmates who felt the same way. 

Dr. Charles V. Hamilton at the 50th Anniversary of the publication of BLACK POWER



"BREAKING NEWS: DR. CHARLES V. HAMILTON, Author of BLACK POWER - To Be Honored at Lincoln University's 162 Commencement, May 23, 2021"

LETTER TO DOC HAMILTON UPON LEARNING HE WOULD RECEIVE AN HONORARY DOCTORATE FROM LINCOLN UNIVERSITY -

By Gloria DULAN-Wilson -

Dear Doc!!
I am so happy they are finally giving you the recognition you have deserved for eons.  It's long overdue - but I'm glad you're here to receive it.

Unfortunately I won't be able to be there to see you receive the honor in person - but I'll definitely be watching it via modern technology.  I tried to convince my physician that I wouldn't do anything "dangerous," but he put his medical foot down on my plans (SMH).

I just found out that you returned to our side of the planet.  How wonderful!!  Of course, knowing you, you've been integrally involved with whatever is going on.  How could you not!  It's who you are!  What I find so totally remarkable is that you are still a Fine Black Man at the age of 92.  You had to know that most of us co-eds at Lincoln had a major crush on you.  And still do, by the way. 

I love the fact that you are our own personal LIVING LEGEND - and no one has come close since. You taught us so much Black in the Day at LU.  Ask anyone from our class (66 through 69) and we'll  each have at least 10 Doc Hamilton stories to tell - with  fondness and LOVE - if not more.

I know you'll be pleased with the way we were able to defend and retain our own homegrown LU Grad and President, Dr. Brenda Allen - straight out of the Doc Hamiltonian methodology, coupled with the time honored Lincoln Spirit.  She's an absolutely amazing lady.

Below is an "edited" copy of the letter I originally sent in support of your receiving our full honors.   Sam Anderson thought it was worthy of publication.  No doubt they have the original version - the one below is slightly edited - but no less true.

Please read it at your leisure -

Again, much love and congratulations on this wonderful accolade.

Stay Blessed &
ECLECTICALLY BLACK
Gloria DULAN-Wilson LU EMERITA '67 
 
PS: I generally write in Crimson in honor of my Sorority, Delta Sigma Theta; but it can also be because of your Fraternity, Kappa Alpha Psi - Stay Blessed - GLORIA



My Recommendation to LU to award honorary Doctorate to Dr. Charles V. Hamilton
Originally submitted on November 6, 2019.  This would have happened in 2020 - but, as we all know, the COVID-19 intervened!

Hello All:

I almost want to say it's about time, but I won't. 
I'm responding to Carol Black's request for notes on Doc Hamilton's worthiness to receive an honorary Doctorate from Lincoln U. 

These are my notes and my thoughts - from the heart:

There's a peculiar magic about Lincoln University, that has been part of its heritage since its inception in 1854:  We either attract greatness or transform  fledglings into greatness. And that has been our M.O. for 165 years!

We are the only HBCU that gave Africa  two (2) Black presidents.
We are the only HBCU that produced a Supreme Court Justice. 
We gave the world the Poet Laureate Langston Hughes, Gil Scott-Heron, Cab Calloway, among others

But one of the unsung heroes who really put Lincoln on the map in the 60s and 70s, during the emergence of Black pride and Black power, was Professor Charles V. Hamilton, who at the time served as the Chairman of Lincoln's Political Science Department.

Simultaneously, he served as legal counsel for The Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee - SNCC - an organization comprised of Black students across the US, who came together to fight and eradicate racism, discrimination, segregation through peaceful, nonviolent means.  SNCC's Chair at the time was Stokley Carmichael. 

These were heady times in the 60s.  The March on Washington was held in August 1963.  There Kennedy was assassinated in that same year.  Many Black icons and activists - and innocents - were being executed, primarily in the South.  There was an unauthorized war in Viet Nam and young Black men were being sent there to fight it. 

Interestingly enough Lincoln was an all Black University, whose  white president  - Dr. Marvin Wachman -  was current on, and concerned about,  issues that affected Black people at that time.  Drs. Hamilton and Wachman met at a conference in Philadelphia while Hamilton was teaching at Rutgers.  After having had an intense conversation on the future of Civil Rights activism, Wachman liked him so much he offered him the opportunity to come to Lincoln as chair of the Political Science Department.  At the  time Lincoln only had 600 students - all male.  Initially Hamilton turned it down - but Wachman gave him the same lineage of Lincoln I just shared with you - and it was a lock!   He finally agreed!

So in the Fall of 1964, Hamilton and his family - Dona, his wife, two daughters, arrived at Lincoln University - all male, wild, but budding geniuses - geniuses whose minds he could challenge and encourage to dig deeper.

Hamilton's ties with SNCC and Stokely Carmichael fired our imaginations.  Whenever anything went wrong in the south - Mississippi, Alabama, North or South Carolina, Georgia, Florida - Hamilton was on the next jet to represent SNCC members and save them from lynching, incarceration and a host of injustices that were routinely being visited on our valiant Brothers and Sisters.

Hamilton was Charismatic - which surely must have baffled the southern racists, because he always emerged victorious.  And when he returned to Lincoln, practically everybody cut class to come hear the HAMILTON REPORT on what was going on in the south. 

HE WAS/IS OUR OWN PERSONAL SUPER HERO!

Doc Hamilton resides in Chicago - he is still as erudite as ever.  He is still one of my personal heroes.  Hamiltonian Politics, as we called it at Lincoln in the 60s, was comprehensive, savvy, effective - Hamilton has informed and been consulted my Congressmen and women, presidential candidates, and others who know his reputation. President Obama audited his classes!!

Doc (as we lovingly called him) and his wife Dona penned the excellent, in depth bio and analysis entitled, "Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.  The Political Biography of an American Dilemma."  It was so well received they were interviewed on several news and talk shows.  It still stands as the single most comprehensive coverage of Powell's impact on Black (and white) American politics.

Below is one of my blog posts on Doc Hamilton as well as some excerpts from various articles over the past 10 years. 

Doc also travels back and forth between Chicago and South Africa - his first love - and maintains active communication with African leaders in several countries - friendships forged during his tenure at Lincoln University.

I fully believe that Doc Hamilton is more than worthy of an honorary Doctorate from Lincoln University.  I think we would be remiss in not doing so.  I also think there should be a building and a wing dedicated to him to house his papers - especially the papers from Black power.  He is our CHARLES V. HAMILTON.
Sincerely and loving submitted
Stay Blessed &
ECLECTICALLY BLACK
Gloria DULAN-Wilson - Emerita LU '67

ECLECTICALLY BLACK NEWS BLOG

https://gloria-dulan-wilson.blogspot.com/2016/10/black-power-at-50-dr-charles-v-hamilton.html

THE FOLLOWING ARE NOTES AND STATEMENTS FROM A VARIETY OF ARTICLES I'VE WRITTEN OVER THE YEARS WHERE I MENTION DOC HAMILTON AND HIS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The 60s was the Civil Rights Era, but, more importantly, it was the beginning of BLACK POWER - and our class of 1967 was the Black Power Class - thanks to Doc Hamilton and Carmichael.

We are the BLACK POWER CLASS - Before the world even knew what BLACK POWER was about!!!

We are the beginning of the wearing of naturals and African clothes.  We are the ones who met with Stokeley Carmichael and Doc Hamilton as they planned the next SNCC strategies. We gave asylum to our African freedom fighting brothers from South Africa, Mozambique, Angola, the Congo, as well as classmates to those brothers from newly liberated African countries such as Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Tanzania, Uganda - as you can see, I love bragging about Lincoln University.  

I have always felt that I was in a privileged space at Lincoln.   Especially having the opportunity to study political science under Dr. Charles V. Hamilton - legal counsel for SNCC, and one of the finest and most dynamic Black men on the planet - then and now.   He was not only the most dynamic personage on the campus, but he walked his talk - often having to go to Mississippi and other areas to rescue members of SNCC from white racists - a bold move when you consider that this Black man routinely laid his life on the line to cross into the south to defend our Black heroes from racist white judges, jailers and policemen.  The entire campus would turn out for the "Hamilton Report," when he returned, updating us on the things that happened during his foray into the belly of the beast.


THE GREAT DR CHARLES V. HAMILTON 
































 
Our Iconic professor went on to head Columbia University's International Political Science Department, but never forgot his early days at Lincoln.  And we have never forgotten him.  He just celebrate his 90th birthday on Thursday, October 19, 2019 still as active as ever.  
STOKELY CARMICHAEL - KWAME TOURE`

The other highpoint of my Lincoln life was Stokely Carmichael and H. Rapp Brown coming to Lincoln to consult and collaborate with Doc Hamilton on strategies during the high point of the Civil Rights Movement. But the icing on the cake was when Stokely came to Lincoln in October, 1966 to enunciate the tenets of BLACK POWER at Mary Dodd Brown Chapel - to a packed audience.  It was the first time we had heard the statement 'BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL!"  and the statement BLACK POWER! We left that assemblage feeling totally empowered.

The following summer Dr. Hamilton and Stokely Carmichael wrote and published the definitive book BLACK POWER.  All the research was conducted on Lincoln's campus, utilizing Lincoln University students as interns to help with the research, BLACK POWER was the first ever book of its kind to do a definitive, in depth analysis of Black power and its impact and meaning to Black people - this is the 50th anniversary of it's publication and the book has been translated into at least 50 languages and circulated around the world.    More importantly, it's even more relevant today as the day it was published.

Image result for stokely carmichael and charles v hamilton

Lincoln University was also the first Black college to offer a full complement of African studies, as well as Swahili language classes; African cosmology classes, and movies originating from Africa written and produced by Africans. We read Franz Fanon, Cheik Anta Diop, Chinua Achebe, Leopold Sedor Senghor, Kwame Nkrumah's principles; along with WEB DuBois, Carter G. Woodson, Lerone Bennett, E. Franklin Frazier. You name it we had it at the Vail Memorial Library. If it was Black we had read it, were reading it, discussing it, throwing in our own theories to boot. You could actually get a degree in African studies long before it was popular in the rest of the Black schools. Even Albert Einstein loved Lincoln University, and left a legacy to our campus (that was long before we arrived, of course).  Hamilton was familiar with and conversant on their philosophies and integrated it into his Political Science curriculum - so that we had the full spectrum of what it meant to wield political power in a positive, pragmatic manner. 

Lincoln University's Sociology Department, headed by Lawrence“Shabby” Foster, was the only Black college that relied primarily on texts written by Black sociologists Goode and Hat. It was the mainstay of our department. From it we learned the socio-psychological effects of racism, and how it impacted our child rearing practices.

Dr. Charles V. Hamilton is also a hero - he stood for the students on campus when the KKK had the audacity to threaten to burn it down - to the point of securing the perimeter of the campus with a few, well armed and valiant classmates.  In 1966, we were the students who fought off the KKK with real guns when they burned a cross across from our campus. We posted guards at every entry, and made it known that they could come at their own risk. They threatened but never crossed onto Lincoln Soil. In the 150+ years of our existence, they have not yet laid set foot on our campus.  Hamilton patroled the campus and checked in with students to make sure they were safe.

We were the students who had none other than the great Charles V. Hamilton, head of our Political Science Department, as our mentor. He was legal counsel for SNCC (the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee). Students would cut classes and sit in on his class to learn of their latest status and exploits. We were the campus where Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown and other Black leaders would come to formulate strategies for liberation. Dr. Hamilton co-authored “Black Power” along with Stokely Carmichael, on our campus.

Dr. Charles V. Hamilton - Legal Council for SNCC, Chair of the Political Science Department, and later head of Columbia University's International Politics division, was both my mentor and my idol (yes, you guessed it, I have a thing for Smart Fine Black Men).  SNCC used to have strategy meetings at the campus - wow,  sitting with Stokely Carmichael and H. Rap Brown in person!!!  We were the only Black college to offer asylum to African refugees from non-independent African countries - such as South Africa, Lesotho, Namibia (Southwest Africa) Congo Brazzaville and Kinshasha, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia),  Angola and Mozambique - as well as attending classes with brothers from all over the continent of Africa - Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania (Tanganiyika and Madagascar), Senegal, Egypt, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea,  Liberia, Algeria, Guinea Bissau, Sudan, as well as the Caribbean - Bermuda, Barbados, Trinidad, the Bahamas, and Jamaica; one student from China, and several Jewish classmates as well. (c)gloriadulanwilson

"Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth, income, criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power and education, among other factors.

The term "institutional racism" was coined and first used in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.[1] Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]".[2] They gave examples."   WIKIPEDIA

Congratulations on your latest citation:



Professor

Charles Vernon Hamilton

Columbia University
Political scientist; Educator
Area
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Specialty
Political Science
Member Since 1993
April 21, 2021

Charles V. Hamilton is the Wallace S. Sayre Professor Emeritus of Government at Columbia University. One of the first African Americans to hold an endowed chair at an Ivy League university, Hamilton focused his research on urban politics and the Civil Rights movement. His most famous book, which was a best-seller, was co-authored with Stokely Carmichael-Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America (1967). This book transformed Hamilton into a high-profile public intellectual. Another important book was his Adam Clayton Powell Jr.: The Political Biography of an American Dilemma (1991). Hamilton is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

NOTE:  This is the last major piece I did on Doc Hamilton, but he was constantly in my thoughts and prayers - especially after he moved back to Chicago from New York City, which meant we had little to no interaction with him.  We loved Doc, and Doc loved us.  To say that we will miss him is an understatement. I know I will - and I'm sure most of my peers feel the same way.

So my condolences go to his family - not only his biological family - but those of us who remain part of his Lincoln University Family - long may his memory live in each of our hearts and spirits. 

NOW THAT YOU KNOW

WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO ABOUT IT?

Stay Blessed &

ECLECTICALLY BLACK 

Gloria DULAN-Wilson






 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
By Gloria Dulan-Wilson

Needless to say that this has been a milestone era for Black People - starting with the March on Washington in 1963, through the Voting Rights and Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965; through the march on Selma in 1965.  But nothing has been more momentous in my book than the era of Black power, which was ushered in in 1966 by Stokely Carmichael (aka Kwame Toure) and Dr. Charles V. Hamilton, when they co-authored the epoch making book, BLACK POWER, which was researched largely at the campus of Lincoln University.  Doc Hamilton, or "Doc" as we lovingly called him, was not only the head of the Political Science Department, and my Poly Sci professor; but he was also Legal Counsel for SNCC (the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee), of which Stokely and H. Rapp Brown and others were the leaders.



Talk about living in a privileged space, in a privileged time!!  Lincoln U was the epicenter of Black Liberation and cohesive Black thought.  It was the bedrock of Black Philosophy.  Students would cut class to come and hear the "Hamilton Report" - which is what we called it when Doc had to do down and rescue SNCC members from the snares of white racists in Mississippi, Alabama, and other areas - actually risking his own life to do so.  Students who weren't even enrolled in Poly Sci classes would sit in the windows, crowd the doorways, or sit on the floor to learn of the latest happenings.  

And it didn't hurt that Doc Hamilton was one of the Finest of the Fine Black Men on the campus - more than one of us had a secret crush on him - including yours truly!  And what was not to like?  He stood for all that was great in Black manhood.  He was erudite, articulate, forthright, and fearless- and he had a razor wit and a biting sense of humor.  We were part and parcel of history in the making.  We had what no one else had:  THE GREAT DR. CHARLES V. HAMILTON!!!

I will also never forget when Stokely Carmichael first enunciated BLACK POWER - it was at Lincoln University, October 1966 - in Mary Dodd Brown Chapel - our go to center for practically everything - from weddings, to funerals, from talent shows, to concerts - and we, the students of Lincoln were privileged to hear said to us for the first time ever:  BLACK IS BEAUTIFUL!!! 

It  practically took our breath away.  No one had ever said that before. We were still "negroes!"  "Black" was a pejorative that would get your teeth knocked out your mouth if you called some one that - even as a joke!

And here was Stokely Carmichael honoring himself, and us, as no one else had ever done before (other than Marcus Garvey, of course)  for being both BLACK and BEAUTIFUL.  And there was Chuck Hamilton, beaming proudly as he continued to redefine us and change the negative paradigm under which we had been struggling into a badge of honor.  

 I looked around the room to see who else was feeling the moment of magic the way I was, and it appeared that the entire campus was totally taking it in and letting it marinate in their psyches.
And, I guess, if there was anyone we loved and revered as much as Doc Hamilton, it was definitely Stokely Carmichael.  And those two as a team - UNSTOPPABLE!!   

We  learned  the tenets of Black Power that evening,  and our lives were never the same as a result.  The love and cohesiveness that ensued, between African, African American and Caribbean mostly male students at the time - Lincoln had just gone Co-Ed in 1965 - the year I entered as a junior, after having been expelled from Hampton for being too Black & Militant - could be felt all over the chapel and spilled out onto the campus.  You could hear Brothers saying "BLACK POWER" and raising their fists in the symbol of Solidarity.  Stokely and Doc Hamilton were our Ebony Guardians  who stood against all the heinous, negative lies that had been told about us throughout the year.  They spoke truth to power and made it real!!

From our culture, to our intellect, to our hair - which by the way, this October marks the 50th year of my wearing my hair in an Afro/Natural style - thanks to Sam Anderson, Anthony Monteiro, Paul Moore, Julian Ellison and Maxine Stewart!!!  I am still happy nappy!! (LOL)

From our rhythm, to our resilience, to our families, and our ability to survive, withstand, and continue to move forward - by the time Stokely completed his speech - we were in tears of joy, applauding wildly and hugging or high-fiving him for his message.

Back to my hero, Doc Hamilton, though.  If there ever was a charismatic leader it was and is Dr. Charles V. Hamilton!  He smoked a pipe - yes in class - we weren't as uptight then as people are nowadays.  His favorite term was "vis a vis" - which became one of his nicknames  among the LU Rabble. He had two beautiful daughters - Carol and Valli - that I had the privilege of babysitting from time to time - and a beautiful, dynamic wife and life partner - Dona - who became a sister/friend during my time on campus.

Doc would hold meetings with the leaders of SNCC and other activists on campus, and allow a few of the more activist students to attend - thanks Doc!! As I said I felt I was in a privileged space - and still do to this day.  

When the KKK threatened to come and burn crosses on  Lincoln's Campus - something they had been doing for more than 100 years - Doc didn't run and hide; he stood with the men of the campus, surrounded the grounds and made sure that none of them set foot on Lincoln Soil.  And yes, they did burn a cross - but it was several miles away from us - but still bright enough to be seen from certain points of the campus.

It was only a matter of time that his genius would be noticed by Columbia University's School of International Politics, and he would leave the confines of Lincoln's small collegiate campus.  I'm just glad that I had the opportunity and  the privilege of having him of two years - in an intimate setting where we could share and exchange and rap about what was happening in a semi-colleague/mentorhship relationship.

I am so excited that he will be keynoting the 50th Anniversary Celebration of Black Power at Columbia University!! He is an icon in the hearts and minds of so many of us who still talk of "Hamiltonian Politics" - in terms of the Great Charles V. Hamilton - and not that "other guy" - LOL

Below is the information about registration and the agenda for the two-day Event:




A scholarly Conference

In Honor of 

Charles V. Hamilton

 and in loving memory of 

Dona Cooper Hamilton 

and in celebration of the 

50th anniversary of the publication of 

Black Power

Keynote Address: 

October 20th 4:00PM

Panels and Presentations: 

October 21st 9:00AM—4:30PM

Columbia University, 

International Affairs Building, 

Kellogg Conference Center

 

 

Sponsored by Columbia’s Center on African American Politics and Society; 

SIPA Urban and Social Policy Program; 

Barnard-Columbia Urban Studies Program; 

and funded with the generous support of the 

Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy Research (ISERP). 


We have been privileged at Lincoln to have had some wonderful professors who have had major impacts on our lives, but for me, none was and is more indelible in my mind and life than Dr. Charles V. Hamilton.  

Doc and his wife researched the life of Adam Clayton Powell Jr., and wrote a comprehensive tome on his life, times, power and influence. He was interviewed in a documentary on Powell which initially appeared on PBS, but is now in Youtube: 

https://youtu.be/2XJAUVwm92Q

I am so proud to be here to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of his book BLACK POWER, and the many other contributions he has made to our lives.

Stay Blessed & 
ECLECTICALLY BLACK

Gloria LU'67

6.11.2014

Celebrating Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan and OIC - Opportunities Industrialization Centers - 50 Years of Excellence


REV. DR. LEON SULLIVAN Founder of OIC

By Gloria Dulan-Wilson

Sometimes it's not necessary for me to write everything from "scratch" - especially when the job has already been so beautifully done - as in the case of Explore PA History www.explorepahistory.com. 

You will probably be reading several pieces on Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan from me over the next few weeks.  It's because, not only was/is he a personal hero of mine, but I had the great good pleasure of meeting him, living near his church, and actually taking some of the courses (well, one course) at OIC - Opportunities Industrialization Center, when I first graduated from Lincoln University and thought I was going to be a fashion designer - but that's another story for another day. 

I was so impressed and motivated by this giant of a Black man, that I began working with the chronically unemployed, under the City of Philadelphia's PEDC program -  many of whom took courses with OIC in order to obtain job skills and certifications that made it possible for them to obtain higher level, career based jobs.

Today, OIC in Philadelphia is still in operation - though not at the same level of its original entity - and there are at least 44 still operating throughout the US; with  OIC International still operative in many positive, forward moving African Countries.  

Is there still a need for this organization?  YES!! Now, more than ever!  Are we doing everything we can do to maintain and expand OIC/Philly and OIC throughout the US - that's a good question.  There will be celebrations throughout the week, culminating with a gala on Saturday, June 14.  It is hoped that the founding city, Philadelphia, PA, will definitely see fit to maintain and expand this wonderful organization; and that other cities, such as BROOKLYN, NY (which used to have an OIC) will buy a clue and re-instate the programs, as well as provide avenues via OIC for greater access to training, green technology, computer trades, etc.  

In the interim, here is a brief overview of the life and contribution of Rev. Dr. Leon Sullivan - my personal hero:


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Opportunities Industrialization Centers Historical Marker
sign
Mouse over for marker text
Name: Opportunities Industrialization Centers
Region: Philadelphia and its Countryside/Lehigh Valley
County: Philadelphia
Marker Location: 19th and Oxford Sts., Philadelphia
Dedication Date: November 23, 1990
Behind the Marker

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The Rev. Leon Sullivan, first Black man to become director of General Motors, talks to a group of preschool children who use his church as their kindergarten.
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Reverend Leon Sullivan talks to a group of preschool children who use his church...
When Leon Sullivan arrived in Philadelphia in 1950, he was "flabbergasted" at the conditions surrounding Zion Baptist, where he was to be pastor. Having worked as Reverend Adam Clayton Powell's assistant at Abyssinian Baptist in New York, he recalled, "Harlem was bad enough but North Philadelphia, where I rode that day, beat Harlem in housing decay."

In Sullivan's eyes, an influx of migrants, some lured by defense-related jobs, had contributed to a community breakdown. To reach out to local teenagers, he started church athletic teams and drama groups, and began to minister outside the church, explaining, "Some people look for milk and honey in heaven, while I look for ham and eggs on earth, as well as for heaven eventually." His mission included a series of remarkably successful self-help programs targeting Philadelphia's black community, including the Opportunities Industrialization Centers (OIC).
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An industrial row house neighborhood, Philadelphia, PA, circa 1920.


Following a gang shooting of three boys in South Philadelphia in 1953, Sullivan helped form the Philadelphia Citizens" Committee Against Juvenile Delinquency and Its Causes, but soon realized that citizens" committees could only "dust off the slums while the forces that created and maintain them remain and expand." With Reverend Thomas Ritter's help, he organized a youth-employment program, helping to employ about 1,000 people a year. Racial discrimination, however, prevented many from finding jobs and limited the kinds of jobs that were offered.

In 1959, Sullivan organized a local picket line in support of markerMartin Luther King's campaign to open Southern lunch counters to Black people, and soon promoted local boycotts to "break down the Job Discrimination Walls of Jericho." His Selective Patronage program undertook 29 campaigns between 1959 and 1963, targeting the Tasty Baking Company, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, Gulf and Sun Oil, and others. Sullivan also led "400 colored preachers" who identified companies with unsatisfactory Black employment records. Phoning a selected company, they would outline a demand for Black employment including skilled positions, using job turnover rates to determine feasible figures. If the company did not meet the demand after a specified period, typically four to six weeks, the preachers would call for a boycott from their pulpits the following Sunday. Demonstrating the economic power of Black consumers, the program directly generated some 2,000 skilled jobs and several thousand more indirectly.
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The Leon H. Sullivan Human Resources Center, 1415 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia,...


Sullivan recognized that in order to fill the skilled jobs now opening to Black Philadelphians

On January 24, 1964, a crowd of 8,000 attended the opening of the first Opportunities Industrialization Center, which soon offered courses in drafting, machine shop, sheet metal work, power machine operation, chemical laboratory techniques, electronics assembly, teletyping, and restaurant employment. The OIC soon opened additional centers, including one in West Philadelphia at South 52nd Street, dedicated in May 1965, marker which specialized in "merchandising." Yet another OIC center opened on Gerritt Street in South Philadelphia two months later.
Male workers pose for this photo and one of them holds an O.I.C. sign.
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Erie Opportunities Industrialization Center crew working on the Bayfront Ballet...


Many potential trainees arrived at the OIC with poor basic skills and low self-esteem, often having dropped out of school. To address their needs, the OIC added a "Feeder Program," first established in an old synagogue, which taught incoming students basic literacy, mathematics, grooming, work habits, health, consumer skills, and innovative "minority-group history" classes to bolster self-respect. Here, too, a team of counselor-teachers referred students to a "Technical Skill" center, directly to a job, or to an on-the-job training position. Launched in 1966, the Adult Armchair Education program operated as a "do-it-yourself Feeder Program," holding classes in neighborhood homes and encouraging community improvement projects and links to neighborhood schools.

Success soon prompted federal involvement. In 1964, the Labor Department granted $458,000 for the Feeder program (soon increased to $558,000), and the Area Redevelopment Administration awarded another $50,000. The new federal Office of Economic Opportunity contributed $1,700,000 in 1965. The next year the Department of Labor gave $5,000,000 to establish centers in eight additional cities, including Erie and Harrisburg in Pennsylvania. In 1971, the OIC received $32,600,000 to become "a prime national contractor" for manpower services.



Leon Sullivan and Reverend Thomas Logan at the opening of Progress Plaza, Philadelphia 
Leon Sullivan and the Reverend Thomas Logan, Masonic Grand Master at Opening day at Progress Plaza, Broad street, Philadelphia.,...

Rev. Sullivan and President  Lyndon Baines Johnson at the beginning of The Great Society
This gave the national OIC greater control over local centers but threatened its community base. Two years later the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act favored more local control, forcing the OIC to compete with other providers and at times limiting it to partial services in contrast to the comprehensive "whole person" approach associated with the "Philadelphia program." Requirements for training stipends challenged the OIC's conviction that stipends would cause some to view the training as a job and lessen trainees" determination to succeed.

Reverend Leon Sullivan meets with President Nixon.
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Reverend Leon Sullivan with President Richard Nixon and reporter John Hannah,...

Going beyond training, Sullivan also argued that Blacks should create their own jobs. In June 1962, he had asked church members to contribute $10 a week for 36 weeks into an investment co-operative, sharing profits between a charitable trust (40 percent), and shareholders (40 percent) and workers (20 percent). The cooperative built a garden apartment complex opened in 1966; the Progress Plaza on Broad Street marker dedicated in 1968; the Progress Aerospace Enterprises, which earned $2,600,00 in subcontracts from General Electric in 1968; and the Progress Garment Manufacturers supported by the ILGWU.

Despite the many self-help programs he created, the OIC remained for Sullivan "the main building block upon which all these other self-help programs must rise." Still active across the country, the OIC currently operates Pennsylvania centers in Philadelphia, Harrisburg, West Chester, Carlisle, Norristown, and McKeesport.

In the 1960s, the successful efforts of the Sullivan, the Philadelphia NAACP, and their allies in the fight against job discrimination in Philadelphia also attracted the attention of U.S. Department of Labor, which in 1967 adopted the "Philadelphia Plan" as a model for its national program to root out discrimination and prejudice in the construction industry.

In 1969, President Richard Nixon embraced a revised "Philadelphia Plan," which required federal contractors to hire of African-American employees by specific dates in order to combat institutionalized discrimination by specific skilled building trades unions. The plan was quickly extended to other cities. In doing so, Nixon's became the first administration to implement an "affirmative action" program at the federal level.
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More bragging about Rev. Sullivan - most people outside of Philadelphia, and a few who live here are not aware that he started a Black owned and run shopping center in the 60's which is still thriving and going strong today:

Our History


Reverend Dr. Leon H. Sullivan

Reverend Dr. Leon Sullivan, Our Founder
The Reverend Dr. Leon H. Sullivan was born October 16, 1922, to Charles and Helen Sullivan in Washington Court,  in West Virginia. He was educated at Garnett High School, West Virginia University, Columbia University and Union Theological Seminary.
 Reverend Dr. Leon Sullivan was unrivaled by few men in the 20th Century. During his lifetime, Reverend Dr. Leon Sullivan impacted millions of people throughout the world, but particularly throughout the United States and the Continent of Africa, by advocating self-help principles of empowerment and community development and self reliance.
Under the mentorship of A. Phillip Randolph, who lead the premier March on Washington Movement that undergirded the quest for equal rights for minorities, particularly Blacks, the Reverend Dr. Sullivan developed his unique ideas on nonviolent, direct action and on the development of the community through community-based organizations. A.Phillip Randolph taught the Reverend  Dr. Sullivan, “how to organize…how to mobilize”.
In the late 1950′s and early 1960′s Reverend Dr. Sullivan initiated a successful “Selective Patronage” operation in Philadelphia to boycott companies that did not offer employment opportunities to black men and women. Later, the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr, would adopt the highly successful Selective Patronage program and transform it into the Operation Breadbasket program.

As job opportunities began to open up Reverend Dr. Sullivan realized that a trained workforce did not exist to fill them. In 1964, as a response to these newly opened opportunities, he founded the OIC, a skills training program providing training and retraining on a massive scale. Currently there are 60 active centers in 17 countries around the world. He also founded the Progress Investment Associates(PIA) and the Zion Non-profit Charitable Trust(ZNPCT) ZNPCT was established to fund housing, human services, educational and other non-profit ventures for inner city dwellers. Zion Gardens, an apartment complex, constructed in 1965, Progress Plaza a two million dollar shopping center, built in 1968, and the Progress Human Services Center, built in 1987, are just a few examples the venture undertaken by PIA and ZNPCT. The Reverend Dr. Sullivan also established inner-city retirement and assisted living complexes in Philadelphia and other cities throughout the United States , named Opportunities Towers.
Throughout the late 1990′s , the reverend Dr. Sullivan brought world and business leaders together to expand the successful Sullivan Principles into Global Sullivan Principles of Corporate Social Responsibility. In November, 1999 at a special meeting at the UN, the Reverend D. Sullivan and UN Secretary general Kofi Annan formally announced these new Principles before world and business leaders.
The Global Sullivan Principles will advance the cause of human rights and economic and social justice not only in Africa but everywhere in the Post-Cold war world there is the need for the advancement of human rights.
The Reverend Dr. Sullivan has been the recipient of many commendations throughout his life, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom awarded by President George Bush in 1999, In 1999 the Notre Dame Award, awarded to persons who have achieved international recognition for the contribution of the welfare of humanity the Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award presented by Preside Clinton in 1999, the NAACP Spingarn Award, the Kappa Alpha Laurel Wreath and more than fifty doctoral degrees.
That said - there's a lot to celebrate and much to be proud of, and a great man to emulate - so make it your business to be part of the ceremonies as OIC launches its official 50th Anniversary. 


But don't just come to celebrate, come to learn and take back with you that which can be applied in your own communities.  We have giants who have blazed trails for us to follow - saying, "This is the path, walk ye in it."  And Leon Sullivan was certainly a giant among men who left mighty shoes to fill, but also selected some mighty people to carry the torch forward.


Stay Blessed &
ECLECTICALLY BLACK
Gloria Dulan-Wilson